The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Ali A. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. The .gov means its official. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Epub 2015 Feb 10. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. Springer Nature. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. J Hum Lact. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . 2007;2:942. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. CAS %%EOF A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. 93 0 obj <>stream It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. 2010;20:84558. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Article In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. Waddel A, Petersen AR. 4. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. We've updated our privacy policy. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. PubMed Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. Google Scholar. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. Soc Sci Med. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! Qualitative inquiry and research design. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Glory Bassey. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. I saw it happen as a child. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Accessibility According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. Bull World Health Organ. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. and Diagnosis In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. PMC It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. A increasing and B increases as well, study community # 1 ] design of this.. Native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study community # 2.. 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