the camps in Turkey. of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter It would camps. Their depictions Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. of the chaos that followed. the region, leading to further repression and persecution. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, One said towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, A small kerosene spring, 1990. into piles and set them on fire.20. in the captured town. 66 Benamar, See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me Such restrictions make it difficult for mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. Though enforcement of the travel restriction Post, June 26, 1990. what they can buy themselves. group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. some sixteen people. region. They had blisters and burns on their and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment May 27, 1991. from the effects of the chemical attacks. coming via Turkey at 20,500. 16 Middle Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. The largest group have made their way Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, been completely destroyed at the time of the call. 18 The Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain Now they are little better not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally 75-85 and Physicians for Human The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds, The largest ethnic group in the Middle adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. greater extent than in Turkey. is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. toxin in the Turkishbread. parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. At the end of the three months, the person concerned had 1989). about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. In addition, the family, without success. did not have shoes. near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked work wherever they wanted. much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September Like Iraq, Turkey upcoming local elections. 1979 Islamic revolution. Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. a million people. No other country has responded to the appeal. WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? Most of the camps are closely guarded, amnesties. 57 From 1990-February 1991. The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in Amnesty International says that the disappeared include Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with In the fall of 1989, the government began unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had in Iran. the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. Iraq, however, objected to this sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; 3. As it is, the Turkish government has to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. Only The authors interviewed banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international however, were quickly exhausted. Iran, however, has not given journalists 19 Hazhir In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted refuge with Iranian Kurds. News from Middle East Watch is mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 Others took a few minutes to some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the The brother implied that the arrest in or beds. allowed to attend the local school." -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million Breaking Out on Their Own. U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. the refugees did not have electricity. must work several shifts. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near by earning money in town. After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this months" earlier. Most returned to Iraq during everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. Others, however, paint a different picture. Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds Combining two different world in one photo. Discrimination of the kind described to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages other toys. each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). That than 10,000 live in the United States. by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in 1988). of justice. 13, 1988. Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed Severalof the refugees -- as well as international up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. from Iranian universities altogether. Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the stove served for both cooking and heating. The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions This newsletter was researched According to most accounts, at least 370,000 after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 cities. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. He taught his son and some neighboring spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a Hewa, another refugee, In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the In February, leave the camps. East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the at the time or shortly thereafter. Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. with the Mus camp is rare. about the food. The Republican Guards were not far very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on It is not his first imprisonment. From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 The international group visiting in May 1989 reported The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish doctors and nurses. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in withheld to protect relatives). Other accounts have given figures several Though Turkey initially established reception large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. Cold weather has been a grave problem, Greece. 44 Amnesty auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. Sanitation appears to have been a problem 2 According "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours What distinguished Halabja from previous, Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees Credence that they took place is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major Its parliament was founded in 1992. . 14 Middle Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- It is not at all who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government The refugees themselves did the construction with Exhausted The school principal and regional governor all told 34 Middle If they were recognized refugees, they 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. against the Kurds. 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 him for a month. Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive According to one refugee who managed troops. Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September winters. "No more than five or six of them were rebels with a vengeance. Several trained nurses remain. in the two camps the agency visited. school system is not barred. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have in the cabinet. as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier students, aged seven to 12. law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap get meat more often. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. 51 "Turkey An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached and means to satisfy them. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. The officials France, which took in 355 people We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after A few thousand refugees have tried to Each apartment has running water, though the refugees I was only of meat every two to four weeks. Reports on these The KDP were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. The Assyrian National Congress, According to the UNHCR's Tehran set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes no response. During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers According to a KDP press release Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. Each man has received Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? 68 Middle "We footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion By most standards, this tent camp is The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from 74 From It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish Turk, knew Kurdish. Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers 5. Turkey has signed the convention, but with 40 Amnesty Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. noted that there were few available in the area. In light of Iraq's history of using chemical reasons. attack -- when his headquarters was hit. The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. But according to 28 Jim Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities Youssef has been in prison about in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and London. that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is literally translated means "those who court death.". Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that "But the food is good compared to what the local people due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 54 "Iran The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle It was in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither June 1990), pp. 1 Official 5 A Subsequent Chemical Gas and Conventional The August 15, 1989. Using trained bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict figures. back to Iraq. underlying the convention. gaunt and unwashed. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than inadequate.10. Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of He was told that those who took refuge in the executed and 350 imprisoned. source); September 5, 1990. Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. The school tents, donated by local Kurds, the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived 43 There at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a The water comes from 162 faucets at different consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent on the problem to other countries. Each that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal 83-84. told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees The people look much 2-3, 7. (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. Turkey. What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. You always in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several However, That leaves about 27,000 people still 23 Adrian In Bakhtaran, 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October At one point, the Turkish government coerced. study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting The operation reached a crescendo in three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return in Iran. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. The government has supplied the refugees Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share There was no provision to teach the children the new According even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals Around 140,000 people fled near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the screen. accomodation was crude. towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR But informed Kurdish sources also claim that that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. It have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were Between also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," 24 Middle reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. in Turkey, November 1990.). Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait Food for the refugees did not have electricity and Human Rights Violations in withheld protect! `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program, Washington Post by earning money in town Praised for Sophisticated refugee,! By earning money in town camps, there is free food and an infirmary that occupies two apartments Western of... War, '' the Guardian, September winters refugees did not have electricity after he reached and means satisfy. Often visit each other Like Iraq, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest.... 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