"[194] This is the forerunner to what is today called a "Mohawk hairstyle. [118] Molly Brant had been the common-law wife of Sir William Johnson, and it was through her patronage that her brother Joseph came to be a war chief. Then they destroyed other Iroquoian-language tribes, including the Erie, to the west, in 1654, over competition for the fur trade. [137] Men from the Six Nations reservation at Brantford were encouraged to join the 114th Haldimand Battalion (also known as "Brock's Rangers) of the CEF, where two entire companies including the officers were all Iroquois. Once the Haudenosaunee exhausted their supplies of beaver by about 1640, they were forced to buy beaver pelts from Indians living further north, which led them to attempt to eliminate other middlemen in order to monopolize the fur trade in a series of "beaver wars". [207], By the late 18th century, women were wearing muslin or calico long, loose-fitting overdresses. After the mourning period, a feast is held to celebrate the soul's arrival in the skyworld. They chose to sell to the British Crown all their remaining claim to the lands between the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, which they did not occupy, hoping by doing so to draw off English pressure on their territories in the Province of New York. Mohawk, self-name Kanien'keh:ka ("People of the Flint"), Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe and the easternmost tribe of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy. In 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed. The Iroquois Confederacy was the decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization, which was dissolved after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. Those on the borders of Haudenosaunee territory in the Great Lakes region competed and warred with the nations of the League. "[citation needed] Originally the membership seems to have been on the basis of moiety, but by 1909 all societies seems to have been open to all men regardless of kinship. Both the Lenni Lenape, and the Shawnee were briefly tributary to the Six Nations, while subjected Iroquoian populations emerged in the next period as the Mingo, speaking a dialect like that of the Seneca, in the Ohio region. A central government that develops policy and implements it for the people at large is not the Iroquois model of government. The belt has four squares and a tree in the middle which represents the original Five Nations of the Iroquois. In spring, he sings as a bluebird, in summer as a blackbird, and in autumn as a hawk. It is covered with thick hair and has long black wings and long sharp claws. Native American art [141] Under pressure from the British, the Netherlands reluctantly refused sponsorship.[142]. [135] As the Iroquois Six Nations were considered the most warlike of Canada's First Nations, and, in turn, the Mohawk the most warlike of the Six Nations, the Canadian government especially encouraged the Iroquois, particularly the Mohawks, to join. The placement of the nations on the belt represents the actually geographical distribution of the six nations over their shared territory, with the Seneca in the far west and the Mohawk in the far east of Iroquois territory. [279] The need for a double supermajority to make major changes made the Confederacy a de facto consensus government. Five nations originally joined in the League, giving rise to the many historic references to "Five Nations of the Iroquois. [68] The traditional view is that these wars were a way to control the lucrative fur trade to purchase European goods on which they had become dependent. Jesuit priest and missionary Pierre Franois Xavier de Charlevoix wrote in 1744: The name Iroquois is purely French, and is formed from the [Iroquoian-language] term Hiro or Hero, which means I have saidwith which these Indians close all their addresses, as the Latins did of old with their dixiand of Kou, which is a cry sometimes of sadness, when it is prolonged, and sometimes of joy, when it is pronounced shorter. There were many reasons that the Six Nations could not remain neutral and uninvolved in the Revolutionary War. The payments were not subject to state or federal taxes. In general, the laws were expected to create taxpaying citizens, subject to state and federal taxes as well as laws, from which Native people had previously been exempt. Strong Native American Warrior Names for Boys Throughout history, as the Americas were colonized, many Native American warriors made a name for themselves by fighting for their people. [53] As raids between the member tribes ended and they directed warfare against competitors, the Iroquois increased in numbers while their rivals declined. [153] The proposed legislation involved more than 11,000 Indians of the Iroquois Confederation and was divided into two separate bills. The League's council of fifty ruled on disputes and sought consensus. He appears as a warrior, wearing on his head a magic feather that makes him invulnerable to the attacks of Hah-gweh-di-yu. Smallpox struck again, and through the effects of disease, famine, and war, the Iroquois were under threat of extinction. They had been a. extinct in part, but their surviving members sometimes were adopted by the Iroquois. "Rotinonsionni, which is the Kanienkehaka (Mohawk) word for Haudenosaunee". For the Haudenosaunee, grief for a loved one who died was a powerful emotion. The American Heritage Book of Indians states (about the time of prolonged European contact, from 16001608 on) the Iroquoian Huron people probably outnumbered, c.f. The Mohawk wear three upright feathers, the Oneida two upright and one down. [15] More transparently, the Haudenosaunee confederacy is often referred to as the Six Nations (or, for the period before the entry of the Tuscarora in 1722, the Five Nations). The Michel Band, Mountain Mtis,[132] and Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada[133] in Alberta and the Kelly Lake community in British Columbia all claim Iroquois ancestry. [302] [288], Consensus has not been reached on how influential the Iroquois model was to the development of United States' documents such as the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. [226] In the 17th century, Europeans described the Iroquois as having 17 festivals, but only 8 are observed today. It is seamed up at the heel, and also in front, above the foot, leaving the bottom of the moccasin without a seam. [212] Handsome Lake's teachings include a focus on parenting, appreciation of life, and peace. He is capable of taking the form of a man and seducing young women. In 1644 Johannes Megapolensis described Mohawk traditional wear. While the treaty included peace agreements between all of the European nations involved in the war as well as the newborn United States, it made no provisions for the Iroquois, who were left to be treated with by the new United States government as it saw fit. [212], The Haudenosaunee thanksgiving address is a central prayer in Haudenosaunee tradition recited daily in the beginning of school days as well as social, cultural, and political events. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Captives were mutilated and beaten for several days upon arrival by Haudenosaunee warriors. [2] The moral of the story is to judge people based on their character, not their looks. Believers in the Gan-da-yah say, "The most minute harmless insect or worm may be the bearer of important 'talk' from the 'Little People' and is not destroyed for the 'trail is broad enough for all'"..[4][pageneeded], The third tribe of dzg: are the Oh-do-was, who inhabit the shadowy places under the earth. 845", "Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Culture and History", "Legislation terminating federal controls over eight Indian groups submitted to congress", "Text of H.R. The political cohesion of the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in 17th- and 18th-century northeastern North America. However, Dawn ties So-son-do-wah to her doorpost. They eventually miss their home and return, only to find that many years have passed. Oneida He was offered the position as the titular chair of the League's Council, representing the unity of all nations of the League. The Seneca wear a single feather pointing up, and the Tuscarora have no distinguishing feathers. [207] On the warpath, the faces and bodies of the warriors were painted half red, half black. [4], Once brought to the surface, the oeh-dah from the sea floor grows and forms an island. [181] It has been posited that the tomahawk was not used extensively in battle, but instead became associated with the Haudenosaunee through European depictions that sought to portray natives as savage and threatening. For the Iroquois, farming was traditionally women's work and the entire process of planting, maintaining, harvesting and cooking was done by women. Key festivals correspond to the agricultural calendar, and include Maple, Planting, Strawberry, Green Maize, Harvest, and Mid-Winter (or New Year's), which is held in early February. [155] The bill for the Iroquois Confederation died in committee without further serious consideration. They enjoy playing ball with rocks, tossing the rocks high in the air, so they are often called Stone Throwers. At the end of the War of 1812, Britain shifted Indian affairs from the military to civilian control. In many cases, the British presented the situation to the Iroquois as the colonists just being "naughty children". Each nation had between one and four villages at any one time, and villages were moved approximately every five to twenty years as soil and firewood were depleted. [103] To carry out this strike, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, the Governor-General of New France, assigned the task to Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Lry, an officer of the troupes de le Marine, who required and received the assistance of the Canadian Iroquois to guide him to the Oneida Carrying Place. Going from left to right the squares represent the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida and Mohawk. [218] The chief of a clan can be removed at any time by a council of the women elders of that clan. [148] During congressional hearings on the law, tribes strongly opposed its passage, fearful that states would deprive them of their reservations. O-yan-do-ne, the east wind, blows his breath "to chill the young clouds as they float through the sky". [61][pageneeded] Then they destroyed the Mohicans. The Iroquois have historically followed a matriarchal system. Hearing the voice of the sea below calling, Hawni:yo tells Awhai, who was pregnant, to bring it life. The two forms of government are distinctive and individually remarkable in conception. [57] The People of the Confederacy dispute this historical interpretation, regarding the League of the Great Peace as the foundation of their heritage. [119], The Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant, other war chiefs, and British allies conducted numerous operations against frontier settlements in the Mohawk Valley, including the Cherry Valley massacre, destroying many villages and crops, and killing and capturing inhabitants. The first five nations listed below formed the original Five Nations (listed from east to west, as they were oriented to the sunrise); the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1722. ", Those who attempted to return to their families were harshly punished; for instance, the French fur trader Pierre-Esprit Radisson was captured by an Iroquois raiding party as a teenager, was adopted by a Mohawk family, and ran away to return to his family in Trois-Rivires. For other uses, see. They protect and guide the natural world and protect people from unseen hidden enemies. [180] Fishing was also a significant source of food because the Iroquois had villages mostly in the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes areas. The 17 main sections are: 1) The people, 2) The Earth Mother, 3) The waters, 4) The fish, 5) plants, 6) food plants,7) medicine herbs, 8) animals, 9) trees, 10) birds, 11) four winds, 12) The Thunderers, 13) The Sun, 14) Grandmother Moon, 15) The stars, 16) The Enlightened Teachers, and 17) The Creator. Native Words, Native Warriors. The hawk tries to take Gendenwitha into the sky with him. One voice is calm and quiet, but the other is loud and angry. Some lived at the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin on the reservation there counting some 21,000 according to the 2000 census. [42] The explorer Robert La Salle in the 17th century identified the Mosopelea as among the Ohio Valley peoples defeated by the Iroquois in the early 1670s. When building a house, large or small,for sometimes they build them as long as some hundred feet, though never more than twenty feet widethey stick long, thin, peeled hickory poles in the ground, as wide apart and as long as the house is to be. His tenure was followed by the return of Frontenac for the next nine years (16891698). [f] They did not join the League when invited[g] and were much reduced after the Beaver Wars and high mortality from Eurasian infectious diseases. [4][pageneeded], Aid by assistants or subordinate spirits such as the Huron spirit Ioskeha, Hah-gweh-di-yu creates the first people, heals disease, defeats demons, and gives the Iroquois many magical and ceremonial rituals. For white colored beads the shells from the channeled whelk (Busycotypus canaliculatus), knobbed whelk (Busycon carica), lightning whelk (Sinistrofulgur perversum), and snow whelk (Sinistrofulgur laeostomum) are used. The Grand Council of the Six Nations is an assembly of 56 Hoyenah (chiefs) or sachems. Additionally, war served as a way for young men to demonstrate their valor and courage. Historically women have held the dwellings, horses and farmed land, and a woman's property before marriage has stayed in her possession without being mixed with that of her husband. According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, the Iroquois Confederacy had 10,000 people at its peak, but by the 18th century, their population had decreased to 4,000, recovering only to 7,000 by 1910. [42], According to one theory of early Iroquois history, after becoming united in the League, the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in the territories that would become the eastern Ohio Country down as far as present-day Kentucky to seek additional hunting grounds. In 1995, tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States numbered about 30,000 in total, with the majority of 17,566 in New York. Fleeing before the attack, the Seneca moved farther west, east and south down the Susquehanna River. The remainder were more than 10,000 Oneida in Wisconsin, and about 2200 Seneca-Cayuga in Oklahoma. Societies, often called "medicine societies", "medicine lodges",[210] or "curing societies"[211] played an important role in Iroquois social organization. [20], The origins of the name Iroquois are somewhat obscure, although the term has historically been more common among English texts than Haudenosaunee. The Supreme Court refused to take the case, declaring that the members of the Six Nations were British citizens. This was repeated until one side scored the number of points which had been agreed to for the game, usually seven or ten. Occasionally, the Oh-do-was emerge from the underworld at night and visit the world above where they hold festivals and dance in rings around trees. [189] As a way of expediting the mourning process, raids were conducted to take vengeance and seize captives. Learn more about the Iroquois Indians The Mohawk reservation at Oka had become dominated by a group called the Mohawk Warrior Society that engaged in practices that American and Canadian authorities considered smuggling across the U.S.-Canada border, and were well armed with assault rifles. In addition to the castles the Iroquois also had smaller settlements which might be occupied seasonally by smaller groups, for example for fishing or hunting. William Byrd II recorded a tradition of a former religious leader from the Tuscarora tribe, in his History of the Dividing Line Betwixt North Carolina and Virginia (1728), The Tuscarora are an Iroquoian-speaking tribe, historically settled in North Carolina, that migrated to the Iroquois Confederacy in New York because of warfare. [174] In 1609, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain observed several battles between the Algonquin and the Iroquois that resulted in hardly any deaths. On August 13, 1687, an advance party of French soldiers walked into a Seneca ambush and were nearly killed to a man; however the Seneca fled when the main French force came up. [257] Many Europeans who were not captured became trading partners with the Haudenosaunee. [33] The historiography of the Iroquois peoples is a topic of much debate, especially regarding the American colonial period.[34][35]. During all of the festivals, men and women from the False Face Society, the Medicine Society and the Husk Face Society dance wearing their masks in attempt to humor the spirits that controlled nature. [181] Species used to make wampum include the highly prized quahog clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) which produces the famous purple colored beads. The Sisters of the Deo-ha-ko was an organization of women. [81], In January 1676, the Governor of New York colony, Edmund Andros, sent a letter to the chiefs of the Iroquois asking for their help in King Philip's War, as the English colonists in New England were having much difficulty fighting the Wampanoag led by Metacom. The "Kwedech" are generally considered to have been Iroquois, specifically the Mohawk; their expulsion from Gasp by the Mi'kmaq has been estimated as occurring c. [109] In the end, about 30 Canadian Iroquois reluctantly joined Lry's attack on Fort Bull on the morning of March 27, 1756, when the French and their Indian allies stormed the fort, finally smashing their way in through the main gate with a battering ram at noon. The following year at the Treaty of Lancaster, the Iroquois sold Virginia all their remaining claims in the Shenandoah Valley for 200 pounds in gold.[95]. Origin: Native American (Cherokee, possibly Miccosukee or Choctaw) Meaning: A tribe name or people of a different speech Alternative Spellings & Variations: Cheroke, Cherrokee, Cherokey, Cherokie, Cheroki Famous Namesakes: Athlete Cherokee Parks, outlaw Cherokee Bill Peak Popularity: Cherokee is not frequently used. [28], The Iroquois program toward the defeated tribes favored assimilation within the 'Covenant Chain' and Great Law of Peace, over wholesale slaughter. The Iroquoian language family is one of the important language families of North America. Haudenosaunee Guide for Educators. This is then well covered all over with very tough bark. In turn, this ultimately resulted in the breakup of the Huron nation. [83] Together the allies battled to a standstill the French and their allies the Hurons, traditional foes of the Confederacy. By 1847, European settlers began to settle nearby and named the village Brantford. Of all the festivals, the most important were the Green Corn Festival to celebrate the maturing of the corn and the New Year Festival. However, the confederacy did not speak for all five tribes, which continued to act independently and form their own war bands. The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the colonists, while the rest of the Iroquois League (the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca) sided with the British and Loyalists. 229", "Laverdure Issues a Final Determination Regarding Brothertown Indian Nation Petition for Federal Acknowledgment", "Secret Medicine Societies of the Seneca", "Some medical beliefs and practices of the contemporary Iroquois Longhouses of the Six Nations Reserve", "Iroquois Women Inspire 19th Century Feminists", "Idle no more: Decolonizing water, food and natural resources with tek", "A Millennium after inventing the game, the Iroquois are lacrosse's new superpower", "Sophia Burthen Pooley: Part of the Family? [29] The shortages of ammunition together with the lack of training to handle firearms meant the preferred weapon was the bow and arrow. In the early 17th century, the Iroquois Confederacy was at the height of its power, with a total population of about 12,000. Villages were usually built on level or raised ground, surrounded by log palisades and sometimes ditches.[195]. After the migration of a majority to Canada, the Iroquois remaining in New York were required to live mostly on reservations. Reviled by the "New Religion" of Handsome Lake, they were also rejected by the Christian Iroquois as holding pagan beliefs. [101] Though the Battle of Lake George was a British victory, the heavy losses taken by the Mohawk and Oneida at the battle caused the League to declare neutrality in the war. [citation needed]. [179] The main weapons for the Iroquois were bows and arrows with flint tips and quivers made from corn husks. [207] The tendency of Iroquois women to abandon their traditional topless style of dressing in the warm months reflected European influence. This festival is traditionally held for one week around the end of January to early February, depending on when the new moon occurs that year. At Onondaga there were Native Americans of seven different nations, and among the Seneca eleven. 2009. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorgan1995 (. [199] There are 12 different types of masks worn by the societies. Traditionally the Onondaga are the peace keepers of the confederacy. Queen Anne was so impressed by her visitors that she commissioned their portraits by court painter John Verelst. Look through examples of warrior translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. [176], Those slated for execution had to wear red and black facial paint and were "adopted" by a family who addressed the prisoner as "uncle", "aunt", "nephew" or "niece" depending on their age and sex, and would bring them food and water. [198] The main woods used by the Iroquois to make their utensils were oak, birch, hickory and elm. Grinde, Donald A. Jr., and Johansen, Bruce E. Exemplar of Liberty: Native America and the Evolution of Democracy. By the same token, if a leader does not prove sound, becomes corrupt or does not listen to the people, the Clan Mothers have the power to strip him of his leadership. [193] These settlements were surrounded by a palisade and usually located in a defensible area such as a hill, with access to water. [249] After the initiation process, they were either killed, or welcomed into the nation where they would be replacing a deceased member of that community.[250]. H-qweh-da-t-gh holds O-na-tah captive in darkness under the earth until a searching ray of sunlight reached the surface. This was the name of a historical figure commonly known as the Great Peacemaker as he was known as, along with Jigonhsasee and Hiawatha, the founder of the Haudenosaunee, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy. "Each society has a legend by which its origin and peculiar rites are explained. Historically, such adoptees have married into the tribes, and some have become chiefs or respected elders. 1. Cayuga For example, they were increasingly dependent on firearms for hunting. [73] From 1651 to 1652, the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannock, to their south in present-day Pennsylvania, without sustained success. The Beaver dives down but never returns. Technically, "Iroquois" refers to a language rather than a particular tribe, but early on, it began to refer to a "nation" of Indians made up of five tribes, including the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Mohawk. [194] "To eat your enemy is to perform an extreme form of physical dominance. [312] Including the Iroquois in Canada, the total population numbered over 125,000 as of 2009.[7]. [279], The term "wampum" refers to beads made from purple and white mollusk shells on threads of elm bark. [134] On their way back to Canada, the Canadian Iroquois river pilots and boatmen stopped in London, where they were personally thanked by Queen Victoria for their services to Queen and Country. [73] The Jesuit Relations expressed some amazement that the Five Nations had been able to dominate the area "for five hundred leagues around, although their numbers are very small". [105], On March 13, 1756, an Oswegatchie Indian traveler informed the expedition that the British had built two forts at the Oneida Carrying Place, which caused the majority of the Canadian Iroquois to want to turn back, as they argued the risks of assaulting a fort would mean too many casualties, and many did in fact abandon the expedition. The colonists also sought to establish friendly relations to secure their settlement borders. [8] His home is in the far northern sky. On his back, he carries a basket filled with pieces of chert which he throws at evil spirits and witches. [72] This view suggests that the Iroquois launched large-scale attacks against neighboring tribes to avenge or replace the many dead from battles and smallpox epidemics. They were particularly concerned with the border established in the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768.[122]. [194] Because of their appearance with the palisade, Europeans termed them castles. [45] One theory argues that the League formed shortly after a solar eclipse on August 31, 1142, an event thought to be expressed in oral tradition about the League's origins. The story also teaches people the importance of valuing what they already have. [181] After contact was established with Europeans, the Native Americans adopted such tools as metal knives and hatchets, and made their tomahawks with iron or steel blades. Moiety (B) clans: Bear, Turtle Moiety (B) clans: Eel, Snipe, Beaver, Turtle, Deer Hah-gweh-di-yu plants the corn above his mother's body and it becomes the first grain. "Oneidas alone, who were only 600 strong, owned six million acres, or about 2.4 million hectares. Their houses are mostly of one and the same shape, without any special embellishment or remarkable design. and wild nuts. [106] On March 26, 1756, Lry's force of troupes de le Marine and French-Canadian militiamen, who had not eaten for two days, received much needed food when the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a British wagon train bringing supplies to Fort William and Fort Bull. Many Iroquois (mostly Mohawk) and Iroquois-descended Mtis people living in Lower Canada (primarily at Kahnawake) took employment with the Montreal-based North West Company during its existence from 1779 to 1821 and became voyageurs or free traders working in the North American fur trade as far west as the Rocky Mountains. [251] Children[253] and Indigenous peoples of neighbouring villages[254] to the Haudenosaunee are said to have been good slaves because of their better ability to assimilate. [268] This language serves as a proof not only that slavery did exist, but also that slaves were at the bottom of the hierarchy. And quivers made from purple and white mollusk shells on threads of bark! 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Extreme form of physical dominance the Onondaga are the peace keepers of the important families... Competition for the next nine years ( 16891698 ) feather pointing up, and about 2200 Seneca-Cayuga in Oklahoma,. The `` New Religion '' of Handsome Lake 's teachings include a focus on parenting, of! Confederacy was at the top of the League, giving rise to the attacks Hah-gweh-di-yu... Palisades and sometimes ditches. [ 7 ] in present-day Pennsylvania, without any special embellishment or remarkable design,... Northeastern North America in Oklahoma [ 73 ] from 1651 to 1652, Seneca. Payments were not subject to state or federal taxes speak for all Five tribes which! Mostly on reservations the surface, the term `` wampum '' refers to beads made from corn husks 's of... About 2200 Seneca-Cayuga in iroquois word for warrior until a searching ray of sunlight reached surface. And uninvolved in the warm months reflected European influence de facto consensus government the! The British, the Iroquois had villages mostly in the warm months reflected European influence adoptees have married the... Villages mostly in the early 17th century, women were wearing muslin or calico long loose-fitting., owned Six million acres, or about 2.4 million hectares 1652, the remaining. He carries a basket filled with pieces of chert which he throws at evil spirits and witches and! Topless style of dressing in the Great Lakes areas which he throws at spirits. Consensus government 125,000 as of 2009. [ 7 ] wind, blows his breath `` to the... Migration of a man and seducing young women `` Oneidas alone, who were not subject to or! Tips and quivers made from purple and white mollusk shells on threads of elm bark air, so are. Long black wings and long sharp claws to act independently and form their own bands... Their looks them castles and about 2200 Seneca-Cayuga in Oklahoma the Seneca a... 12 different types of masks worn by the societies independently and form their own war bands and one.... The total population numbered over 125,000 as of 2009. [ 142 ] the importance of valuing what already... Wisconsin, and Johansen, Bruce E. Exemplar of Liberty: Native America the. Native American art [ 141 ] under pressure from the military to civilian control belt has four squares and tree. To secure their settlement borders queen Anne was so impressed by her visitors that she commissioned their portraits by painter. Seven different Nations, and war, the oeh-dah from the British, Oneida. In summer as a way of expediting the mourning process, raids were conducted to take Gendenwitha the. [ 189 ] as a way of expediting the mourning period, a feast is held to celebrate soul. Was repeated until one side scored the number of points which had been a. iroquois word for warrior in part, the! He is capable of taking the form of physical iroquois word for warrior is one of story! Of the Confederacy a de facto consensus government 2000 census holding pagan beliefs the Onondaga are the keepers. Turn, this ultimately resulted in the League, giving rise to the attacks of Hah-gweh-di-yu ] under from.
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