Secularism and freedom of religion, in liberal thought, are connected to moral values such as individual autonomy, moral self-determination, freedom of conscience as well as more political ideals such as non-theocratic constitutional democracy, separation of church and state, and non-establishment of the dominant religion. "Religion: Problems of Definition and Explanation", in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, Michael Banton (ed. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. 3.7 Robert Marrett and Animatism. The journal is a very significant endeavor since, until we launched it, there was no journal in the study of religion that has focused exclusively on developing a critical approach. Thus, the bracketing means forgetting about beliefs of ones own that might endorse or conflict with what is being investigated. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. For Jung, religious experiences are manifestations of the archetypes in the collective unconscious in our own consciousness. Ninian Smarts approach to religion is described in his academic literature as a completely new way to the thinking of religion. Religious rituals are behaviors or practices that are either required or expected of the members of a particular group, such as bar mitzvah or confession of sins (Barkan and Greenwood 2003). Her last book is Critical Republicanism. Even a commonly accepted definition of religion has proved difficult to establish, though not for lack of trying. 1 Definition of Religion For Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917) religion is the belief in spiritual beings (1871). Instead of organizing the course around different theories of religion, the course is arranged in terms of broad methods according to which religion might be theorized. Religion is a concept created by modern scholars and superimposed on a variety of different phenomena for a variety of motives. The reflexive effect of the study of religion on religion itself may in practice make it more difficult for the student of religion to adopt the detachment required by bracketing. Secularism, on this view, transfers the individuals holy loyalties away from the church and towards the nation-state. A criticism of his approach is that it is far to scientific and while starting from the experiential and emotional he soon slips back into trying to seek common themes within all religions. (Note that no assumption is made about the actual disciplinary location of scholars. From this perspective, the egalitarian strategy of analogizing religion is a productive one: the law should not capture religion as such, but whatever dimensions of religion are normatively salient and suitable for legal protection. Three famous psychologists who examined and analyzed religious phenomena psychologically were William James, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Jung. Its object is not personal, although is a necessary condition of the yoga. In his own words: Man is on a transitorily passage . II. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion publishes articles, notes, book reviews and letters which explicitly address the problems of methodology and theory in the academic study of religion. In other words it is a fair and full study of all religions" (Whaling, 2006, "Theory and methods in religious studies: Contemporary approaches to the . As a social institution, religion is a pattern of social action organized around the beliefs and practices that people develop to answer questions about the meaning of existence. Furthermore, if theology studies a particular religion always from the inside, religious studies study different religions mostly from the outside. Anthropology of religion, on the other hand, explores the ways religious practices are embedded in specific forms of sociality, regimes of power, historical struggles, and modes of production (Lambek 2008, 5). So he is proposing a mystical goal and from his yogic teachings he guides,shows and achieves that. From this perspective, it would be a mistake to think that conceptual imprecision is in itself an obstacle to scholarly inquiry. He regarded the belief in God as a childish and neurotic illusion which rational and realistic persons ought to abandon. Depending on the researcher's perspective, it is approached in various and often quite different ways. The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and learn regarding the religious beliefs of others. 3.Theology requires its learners to have some degree of faith whereas religious studies does not . The Comparative Study of Religions World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Fourth Edition, considers one religion at a time, chapter by chapter. Approaches to ReligionSpring 2010REL 111. Discussion about religion has been complicated further by the attempt of some Christian theologians, notably Karl Barth (18861968), to draw a distinction between religion and the Gospel (the proclamation peculiar to Christianity). For instance, Christian theologians explain the doctrines of Christianity, and their works constitute Christian theology. Such distinctions, however, only serve to shore up the arbitrary power that the state has to demarcate the sphere of its own sovereignty. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Both methods tried to avoid the phenomenological approach. Psychology of religion involves the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious institutions, as well as to individuals of all religious or noreligious persuasions. First, different disciplines will have different answers to the question of what the concept of religion is for; and as a result they will work with different conceptions of religion. The phenomenology of religion is an approach to the study of religion that emphasizes: a.) (Stephen H.Phillips.p79,Aurobindo`s Philosophyof Brahman,E.J.Brill Leiden 1986), The strength of Smart can be seen that he does not wish to strip religion or faith down to one or two elements say belief in The Virgin Birth and the dogma of out with the church there is no salvation but his classificatory account makes it clear that it has many elements and strands. The History of Religion as a Sociological Concept Barths distinction attempts to draw a line between the transcendent, as it reveals itself to humans, and religion, as a human product involved in the response to revelation. But because they wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven, they thought that financial success was one good indicator. This idea led Calvinists to engage in activities that would increase their wealth, paving the way for the development of capitalism. This is a legitimate perspective from the standpoint of faith. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). If theology focuses on a particular religion, religious studies examine the different religions of the world. The final approach to world religions is exclusivism. Also we can see the beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts dimensions of religion. Thus, the preliminary task of the student of religion must be to amass an inventory of kinds of religious phenomena. The disaggregated approach does not claim that it captures the fullness of the lived, anthropological reality of religion. Accordingly, God is just the projected ultimate father image that helps humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt. He illustrate the introduction of Phenomenology saying, a lot of opinions have been written about not only the physical interchange of races but;, also ethnical and cultural, and especially upon values, so what take place when religions and their tradition convene? Religion and 'The Study of Religions' has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. The Immanent Frame publishes interdisciplinary perspectives on religion, secularism, and the public sphere. Nigerias 2023 Elections: Which Way Democracy? If it is not possible, then cross-religious comparisons would mostly break down, for normally it is not possible to be inside more than one religion. London and New York, 1999. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Social Science Research Council Thus, the matter of coming to understand the inner side of a religion involves a dialectic between participant observation and dialogical (interpersonal) relationship with the adherents of the other faith. The author as part of his degree course has studied these two vastly differing approaches. Marrett (1866-1943) was, similar to Tylor, an anthropologist who studied religion and who adopted the evolutionary approach. These (and others) are all legitimate uses of the concept of religion. Is religion a valid category of scholarly inquiry? The term theology, though often used to refer to Christian theology, also applies to the systematic study of the other monotheistic religions, standardly referring to Judaism and Islam. Most of the major thinkers recognized in this area are also those recognized in the sociology of religion like Durkheim and Weber. Some religions do not have a deity; others are community-based rather than belief-based; and the boundary between them and secular ideologies such as nationalism is porous. village and nad level bring in solidarity and unity among different social segments . The purpose of this course is to introduce and examine a variety of methodological approaches to the study of religion. Personal experience is crucial to any understanding of religion .On this particular account Aurobindo discovers the relation or union, he favours, what he identifies as spiritual psychology and integral methods, but for both he confirms that the objective is to be understood and interpreted in terms of subjective. Consider an analogy with marriage. So neutrality, for liberals such as Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, is generalized non-establishment. Egalitarian theorists of religious freedom offer a compelling response to the critical religion school. He is not final. Sociology studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the founder of psychoanalysis, which generally claims that our behaviors are largely controlled by our unconscious mind which contains our repressed sexual and violent desires. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) The goods that the workers helped produced by means of their labor (using the materials and machines owned by the capitalists) were sold in the market at a certain value. Related to Freuds concept, the personal unconscious mind contains all our personal experiences that we are not aware of (because we have suppressed them); whilethe collective unconscious mind contains universal experiences of mankind and the archetypes (the basic universal images that recur in various forms in different cultures) which we have inherited from our ancestors. Not surprisingly perhaps, the work of those scholars who have most influenced the critical religion school, such as Asad and Mahmood, explicitly aims to provide a thick anthropological description of the complexity and diversity of religious experienceit brings out, for example, the distinctive modes of Muslim religious subjectivity. The disaggregating approach helps us answer this critique. First, the secular state defines what religion is; religion is privatized as a faith whose object is the supernatural, and differentiates it from the natural and the rational which are the jurisdiction of the state. Religious studies, also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. Although I cannot make the full case here, I sketch a preliminary defense of the third approach, in the context of recent debates in political theory. Global studies is a fresh and dynamic discipline area that promises to reinvigorate undergraduate and postgraduate education in the social sciences and humanities. study of religion, attempt to understand the various aspects of religion, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines. Overall, 36% of Americans now say they attend religious services at least once a week, down from 39% in 2007. a creation of capitalism, for Weber it is the other way roundcapitalism is largely due to religion, more specifically, the Calvinist religion. Instead, I shall merely sketch an alternative strategy. The study of the religious notions of primitive people arose within the context of evolutionary theory. An internal theory of religion is a particular religions account of its own origins and functions (e.g., Christianitys own account of the origins and functions of the Christian religion); while an external theory of religion is an account of the origins and functions of particular religions, or religion in general, using the methods of certain academic disciplines. Required fields are marked *. The growth of various disciplines in the 19th century, notably psychology and sociology, stimulated a more analytic approach to religions, while at the same time theology became more sophisticated and, in a sense, scientific as it began to be affected by and thus to make use of historical and other methods. For Jung, religious experiences are manifestations of the archetypes in the collective unconscious in our own consciousness. foster a respectful awareness of the significance of the beliefs and practices for the faith member. study of religion, attempt to understand the various aspects of religion, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! We also study religion in order to learn more about how different aspects of human lifepolitics, science, literature, art, law, economicshave been and continue to be shaped by changing religious notions of, for example, good and evil, images of the deity and the divine, salvation and punishment, etc. This approach is known as comparative religion. Understanding Religious Pluralism in India. The study of multiple religious traditions in order to prove the existence or non-existence of God The scholarly examination and comparison of the beliefs, rituals, customs, and traditions of two or more religions As stated earlier, French sociologist mile Durkheim (1858-1917) defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things" (1915). It studies religion in relation to other social institutions and compares religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Most approaches come up with what are called theories of religion, referring to accounts or explanations of the origins and functions of religion. Philosophy of religion deals with philosophical issues found in religion. Study of at least two religious traditions using three different academic approaches: Religion Menu. But objections have been brought against all these attempts, either because the rich variety of religions makes it easy to find counterexamples or because the element cited as central is in some religions peripheral. liade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). The point has been made with particular acuity by legal scholar Winnifred Fallers Sullivan in her book The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. Thus, when William James describes religion as. Anthropologists, for example, legitimately study a key dimension of human experiencethe religious experiencein its diversity and unruliness. Summary: 1.Theology is a more biased discipline as it concentrates on the study of God and focuses more on the Protestant and Roman Catholic religious sectors. What may be the way forward in the teaching and definition of religion is to accept the singularity of each religion and each individuals faith and seek ways in which they can be accommodated within a safe international environment that moves away from empirical definitions. The Christian theologian, for example, may see a particular historical process as providential. Study for free with our range of university lectures! Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. He also introduced a broad program and methodology of comparing religions, which included principles like gaining knowledge of others through their own writings, grouping religions according to their regional, linguistic contexts, and avoiding the common distortion of comparing the positive aspects of one religion with the negative aspects of another (Paden 2005, 212-213). Different approaches to religion education have been in place for a long time or developed more recently to meet growing religious and cultural plurality in European countries and schools. The other sense of the subjectivity of religion is properly a matter for theology and the philosophy of religion. If your specific country is not listed, please select the UK version of the site, as this is best suited to international visitors. And the best- known scholar of comparative religion of the last generation was Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Particularly, this study used an interdisciplinary approach, that is, a combination of religious and social approaches. On the other hand, some view it as a way of purifying religion from the idolatry or worship of human-made objects. And it may well be true that there is no single essence to the concept of religion, no core defining feature that all conceptions of religion share. The most influential proponent of comparative religion in the nineteenth century was Friedrich Max Muller (1823-1900). Omissions? Religion and 'The Study of Religions' has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. Philosophy of Religion (3) Investigate metaphysical and rational categories of religion. These studies suggest the significance of religion in health communication and in our . The normative objection is slightly different. Others have no clear vision upon their religious identity and are searching possible traditions, ready to meet their spiritual exploration .So they start looking for different approaches to their study ,bringing along different opinions and whatever the process and methodology is, will bring them information from which eventually they will find answers or give opinion. To some extent the emphasis on neutral description arises in modern times as a reaction to committed accounts of religion, which were for long the norm and which still exist among those who treat religion from a theological point of view. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. It may well be that egalitarian theorists have picked a normatively problematic, or normatively narrow, analogy for religion. Which concept of religionif anydo we need in the law of the liberal democratic state? Some of these approaches focus on how to understand the beliefs and practices of particular religions, while some have more general concerns such as how religion relates to the nature of society, culture, human evolution, mind, and human behavior. Here religion involves subjectivity in the sense of individual experience. Contact. Bonferroni correction compensates for multiple . Tylor cited the association of morality with animism which was little represented in the lower races but became an integral part of the religions ofthe civilized races. To ask that the law embrace and describe the whole of social reality would be to yearn for a totalitarian law. First, as religion is not a thing but a term of art, it is perfectly legitimateas suggested abovethat different dimensions of it are appropriated in different disciplines and areas of life. Author of. Is it possible to understand a faith without holding it? Within religious studies there are three common methodologies: Philosophy of Religion ( Phenomenology ), the study of . The term phenomenology refers first to the attempt to describe religious phenomena in a way that brings out the beliefs and attitudes of the adherents of the religion under investigation but without either endorsing or rejecting the beliefs and attitudes. In light of these considerations, our approach in examining the different world religions in the subsequent chapters mainly falls under religious studies. Psychology, in general, is defined as the study of psychological and biological processes and behavior in humans and other animals (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). First of all we have to say that both, Smart and Aurobindo have not defined religion from objective point of view but rather to determine religion in terms of its own value. A participatory observation, deep interviews and documentations were employed to collect the data of this study. Given this, we, however, also use other approaches especially comparative religion and philosophy of religionwhich we will discuss next. Religious devotees are divided on their reactions to psychology of religion. During his time, Marx observed that the capitalists, in their pursuit of profits, eventually exploited the workers. b.) For the workers to bear their miserable and unfulfilling life, the capitalists created various belief-systems, foremost of which was religion, for the working class to see their state as something positive and justified. Muller, an authority of Sanskrit (the classical religious language of India), urged that the study of religion should not be limited to the religions of the Mediterranean (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) and that the great religions of the East should also be seriously studied. It r mzell2302 mzell2302 (James L.Cox,p.159.A guide to the Phenomenology of religion .key figure ,formative influence and subsequent debate. 427-5290. adlerj@kenyon.edu. 1 This study, however, takes a relatively straightforward approach to religious diversity. The term fundamentalism can be used in very different religious contexts and texts to describe the devotion and strict loyalty to a set of principles or ideas. That said, these two countries also have many similarities in terms of culture, religion, geography, and social history, and both governments have . These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! For putting the word "academic" in the phrase, "The Academic Study of Religion," indicates that . Ontology. Learn about sociologists . Conversely, theological claims may imply something about the history of a religion. Yet the strategy of disaggregating religion has a further, more portentous implication for normative political theory. The most influential premodern work in comparative religion is the book The Golden Bough (1890) by James G. Frazer (1854-1941). The distinction, however, is not an absolute one, for, as has been noted, descriptions of religion may sometimes incorporate theories about religion that imply something about the truth or other normative aspects of some or all religions. St. Augustine used this theory to resolve the philosophical question, If everything comes from God, where does evil come from? According to him, evil exists in the world but it does not come from God, for what only comes from God is good. So the starting point of the disaggregation strategy is to accept that, as religion is indeed not a thing but a term of art (it has different meanings in different contexts), different dimensions of it will be appropriated in different ways in different disciplines. The SSRC is an independent, international, nonprofit organization. Normative inquiries primarily concern the truth of religious claims, the acceptability of religious values, and other such normative aspects; descriptive inquiries, which are only indirectly involved with the normative elements of religion, are primarily concerned with the history, structure, and other observable elements of religion. Hence, we also have Jewish theology (and Jewish theologians) and Islamic theology (and Islamic theologians). This course introduces students to the variety of academic approaches to the study of religion and to the procedures and sources used in writing academic papers in religious studies. The challenge is threefold: we must attend to the concerns of the critical religion school while, at the same time, be sensitive both to the lived reality of religious experience and belief, and to the protection of the normative ideals underpinning freedom of religion in the law. The anthropological objection, baldly stated, claims that it is just not correct or helpful to say that religion only functions as a term associated with western imperialist and neo-colonialist projects. The modern sovereign state is grounded in a distinctive political theology that mobilizes the structural categories of metaphysics and theology to bolster and consolidate the higher identity of secular citizenship. These different reasons might lead to different approaches to the study of religion. Like most abstract concepts, the concept of religion is a construction projected onto the world, but one consequence of this large-scale projection may well be that our world has genuinely come to exhibit it. The dominant sense in which the contemporary study of religion is understood is the descriptive sense. At this juncture, let us x-ray some of the approaches in studying religion scientifically. From the belief in human souls grew the belief in other spirits, like those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods. On a related note, the historical achievements of liberal secular states might be obscured if secularism is only perceived as a tool of colonial and imperial domination. Like Muslim reformists' approach of reform, which attempted to reconstruct Islamic religious thought in the light of modern science and knowledge, Christian neo-orthodoxy insisted that Christianity itself needs continually to be rethought and that theology must engage seriously with the . On the contrary, religion, as it is studied in the secular state university, is both a category and an aspect of human behavior that must be subjected to the same types of scrutiny as any other category of human behavior that one may study. But it is necessary to be clear about what objectivity and subjectivity in religion mean. Looking for a flexible role? All work is written to order. These different approaches disagree about the essence of religion, but all three camps operate within a shared account of the human. Intellectual historians and students of political thought study religious traditions as coherent, inter-generational, scholarly bodies of thoughtthe Islamic or the Christian or the Confucian tradition, for example. This decline is accompanied by a rise in the share of U.S. adults who say they seldom or never attend religious services (from 27% in 2007 to 30% in 2014). As we examine the different disciplinal approaches to the study of religion, we shall briefly touch on some of the external theories of religion. . T here are many ways of studying religions. Copyright 2019 - 2022 Elcomblus Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The only appropriate scholarly stance towards this object is one that is critical and skeptical. Such struggles were political through and through, and it is impossible to discern any common core or essence to all the world religions, as W. C. Smith pointed out in 1962. It has been argued that religious studies is a polymethodic discipline, and that the student of religion should be familiar with the . It is present in varying forms in the religions of the lower races up to the civilized races of mankind. 10. In brief, it is the study of religious phenomena in so far as they may be understood psychologically (Merkur 2005,165). the myths of a religion. O . It does this by examining the dynamics of the constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. In this . She shows that the First Amendment Free Exercise clause is quite incapable of capturing the popular, unruly, ritualized religiosity that she sees at work in the baroque funerary displays in a Florida cemetery. The etymological meaning of the word theologybased on its Greek origin, namely theo, which means God, and logos which means discourse or study,is study of God. Theology, however, is not just limited to the study of the nature ofGod, for it also studies in a systematic way the main doctrines of a particular religion. d.) the impossibility of studying other cultures' religions. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For example, a religious (or spiritual) approach to cancer treatment can be more effective than a secular approach (Croucher & Harris, 2012), religious attendance promotes healthier living, and people with HIV/AIDS often turn to religion for comfort as well. The study of religion emerged as a formal discipline during the 19th century, when the methods and approaches of history, philology, literary criticism, psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, and other fields were brought to bear on the task of determining the history, origins, and functions of religion. And change them, secularism, and Carl Jung depending on the researcher #! Anthropological reality of religion, attempt to understand the various aspects of religion is the study religious! There are three common methodologies: philosophy of religion that emphasizes: a. it as a childish neurotic... Note that no assumption is made about the history of a religion humans... 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