rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. power of the great feudal lords. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Question 9. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. But the discovery of a Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. In 1266 King Charles I of France (Charles of Anjou; 12271285; ruled 126685), the youngest brother of King Louis IX, took the thrones of Naples and Sicily (called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). Unable to capture Paris by force, Henry embraced Catholicism in 1593 and entered the city peacefully the following year. Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but small land army. Olivares had plans for far-reaching reform that he hoped would solve Spain's economic and political problems. They now supported Charles, hoping they could dominate a foreign monarch. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. After winning several major battles, the Moors conquered the Visigoth capital of Toledo in 712 and soon pushed the Germanic lords and their armies into the northern frontiers of Spain. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. How would Germany most likely have been different between 1848 and 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the . They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. Her fortunes were reversed, however, when she was captured in battle by the Burgundians. During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. Francis was a dashing figure, a man of immense charm who had a lust for life. France was then ravaged by an internal war between the Orlanists (a family in the duchy of Orlans, in north central France) and the Burgundians (a family in the duchy of Burgundy, in northeastern France), who were both claiming the right to the French throne. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. ." They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. lasted one hundred years. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. While preparing to confront Adrian's forces, the Comuneros discovered that they were divided among themselves. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. As he rode from Edinburgh to London in 1603, shortly after becoming king, he was met by a group of Puritans (members of the Anglican Church who advocated strict reforms). In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. rise of kingdoms . Many Europeans were convinced that life was not supportable near the equator. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. James also had to contend with religious unrest. Civil wars were also taking a toll, as powerful families struggled over control of duchies in France. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. Royal Family of Norway. At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. Catherine de' Medici At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. Royal Family of Denmark. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. Nevertheless, the emperor was still the most powerful political figure in the Christian world. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. The French king was not confined like most prisoners: He hunted regularly, enjoyed the companionship of his nobleman comrades, and attended numerous dinners given in his honor. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. Protestant leaders looked to the queen's half-sister, Elizabeth, as a possible Protestant replacement. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. His men won a few In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. answer choices. Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. Egypt awakens, chaos awaits. While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Henry VIII is now considered the true Renaissance prince. Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. The ships did not set sail again until July. Pope Alexander VI (14311503; reigned 14921503) took the side of the Medicis and convinced King Ferdinand of Aragon to send in Spanish troops to fend off the Sforzas, the French, and the Swiss. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). They had arrived on the peninsula by a.d. 300, becoming both urban and rural dwellers. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. AEthelflaed. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . Frederick was expecting James to help him stay on the throne, but James had tried to remain outside the conflict. Their philosophy made the cities of Toledo, Crdoba, and Granada important centers of learning. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). Table of Contents show. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. split into kingdoms and city-states. Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. 3. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. Once Rome declared victory over the insurgents in Gaul they focused on attacking the Franks. The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. You can play in a way that suits your style,whether that be reckless military adventurism and dreams of global dominance,or quiet and unobtrusive statecraft and dreams of a happy populace. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. the emperor's wishes. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. Cao Cao By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. However, the date of retrieval is often important. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. Nine-Day reign to hold diverse views about such matters as communion military leadership, development of a full-time professional,... 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