The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Self-Awareness and Emotional Control. Goleman D.Emotional Intelligence: Why it Can Matter More Than IQ. Another critical component of emotional intelligence is self-motivation; just like self-awareness and self-management, self-motivation is another valuable skill that a person must entail. You can read the full text of this article if you: You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Exploring the relationship between work stress, years of experience and emotional competency using a sample of Australian mental health nurses. 2007;23(1):3036. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! J Prof Nurs. Those competent in this area are able to sense who possesses power in different relationships. Nursing Management. (2000a). Selected results of the 2017 Nursing Management Wellness Survey, Results from the Filipino nurses in the United States study, Getting Accountability Right bonus content, Genetics/genomics competencies for RNs and nurses with graduate degrees, "Nurse Leader Impact: A Review" summary of research studies, Leadership: Where we've been, where we are, and where we're going, Results from the 2019 Emergency/Trauma/Transport Nursing Workforce Survey, Results from the HIMSS 2020 Nursing Informatics Workforce Survey, Selected results of the 2020 Nursing Management Wellness Survey. Beyond just recognizing your emotions, however, is being aware of the effect of your actions, moods, and emotions on other people. Thank you for taking the time to read this blog. Dawn Freshwater and Theodore Stickley (2004). Motivation is the desire to do something. Listen and observe for cues that indicate emotions in others. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Self-motivation, as it relates to emotional intelligence, is the drive to improve personally and achieve goals. A similar study with mental health nurses has found that Emotional Intelligence stimulates the search for a deeper understanding of a professional mental health nursing identity (Kristin and Elisabeth, 2004). Those who are skilled in self-regulation tend to be flexible and adapt well to change. While nurses must possess a great deal of scientific and technical knowledge, they must be emotionally intelligent as well. This article explores emotional intelligence, discusses its importance as a characteristic of effective nurse leaders and managers, and suggests practical activities that leaders can undertake to develop their emotional intelligence skills. Angela R. Coladonato is the senior vice president of nursing/CNO at Penn Medicine Chester County Hospital in West Chester, Pa. Mary Lou Manning is an associate professor at Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson College of Nursing in Philadelphia, Pa. A randomized experimental study of a business-oriented EI training program for senior managers, Role of emotional intelligence in conflict management strategies of nurses, The role of emotional intelligence in building interpersonal communication skills, Pay attention to your thoughts and emotions, Recognize that you have a choice in how you respond, Engage in a cause such as a community project, Try to imagine yourself in someone else's place, Introduce challenges to keep things interesting, Set goals to help build intrinsic motivation, Work with a friend or co-worker to find accountability. Nurses must motivate themselves to expand their horizons, explore new specialties and more. How are you reacting to situations at work, at home, or in school? Provide an example. Legal and Consumer Info. Let's have a personal and meaningful conversation instead. Self-awareness:. One of the five elements of emotional intelligence is self-awareness. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Creating strong connections with other people allows you to foster and strengthen a social support network, which plays a pivotal role in both physical and mental health. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not represent the views of Purdue Global. There is no doubt that Emotional intelligence in nursing leads to more positive attitudes, greater adaptability, improved relationships and increased orientation towards positive values (Kristin and Elisabeth, 2007). See page 32. Working with emotional intelligence. The latest updates and details of the provisions we have made in response the current situation. Advanced practice nursing: a concept analysis. You can improve your emotional intelligence skills by identifying and naming your emotions. Leadership: Emotional intelligence allows you to be a more effective leader. Emotional intelligence and nursing: an integrative literature review. Please try after some time. For example, a connection could be in the form of experiencing moment-to-moment or day to day life changes. Explain why emotional intelligence is crucial for effective leadership. 11000 University ParkwayPensacola, Florida 32514 Hence, the role of Emotional Intelligence in the nursing profession should be viewed in two dimensions: 1) The Nurse's perception and understanding of the patient's emotions, and. Personality and Individual Differences 30, 107-115 . Elements.docx. In his bookEmotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ, psychologist Daniel Goleman listed the major components of emotional intelligence. Codier, E., and Codier, D. (2020). Vitello-Cicciu, Joan. -. The aim of this concept review is to clarify the understanding of the concept emotional intelligence, what attributes signify emotional intelligence, what are its antecedents, consequences, related terms and implications to advance nursing practice. Self-motivation is essential to making the most of emotionally intense work as caregivers and leaders. These individuals also recognize their own strengths and limitations, are open to new information and experiences, and learn from their interactions with others. If nurses know when their emotions are being taxed, they can take the steps necessary to re-center mentally. This ability to understand the emotions of others is a key emotional intelligence skill. Provide an example. European Journal of Personality, 15, 425-448. Frames of mind. Coladonato, Angela R. DNP, RN, NEA-BC; Manning, Mary Lou PhD, CRNP, CIC, FAAN, FNAP. 2007 Aug;16(8):1405-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01749.x. Apply Now >, Current Students Here is our guide to the key personal and interpersonal skills. Emotional intelligence has five components: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill (Goleman, 2004; Goleman, 2011). Nurses are required to have the ability to manage their emotions in stressful or crisis situations so that they can deliver safe, quality care. Always treat others with respect and try to stay in control. This article discusses what you can do to learn to improve these emotional intelligence skills. Careers. Editorial Staff: 2023 University of West Florida Online.All Rights Reserved. Did you go into the situation with a preconceived notion of what would be communicated. MacKinnon K, Marcellus L, Rivers J, Gordon C, Ryan M, Butcher D. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2015 Jan;13(1):14-26. doi: 10.11124/jbisrir-2015-1694. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing.13(3);164-170. Emotionally intelligent nurse leadership: a literature review study. Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Profession. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224254, Baoul C, zgr G. Role of emotional intelligence in conflict management strategies of nurses. Studies show thatcollaborationbetween doctors and nurses could have a positive impact on many health variables for patients. In R. Bar-On & J.D.A. doi: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2006.12.004. ): Emotional development and emotional intelligence: educational applications (pp. Web reference at http://www.time.com/time/classroom/psych/unit5_article1.html accessed January 2, 2006. Intrinsic motivation is another important emotional intelligence skill. 2020 Dec 5;8(1):IV. According to Peter Salovey and John Mayer: Emotional intelligence has been defined as the ability to monitor ones own emotions and other peoples emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and use the emotional information to guide thinking and behavior. Emotional intelligence can play an integral role in the nursing profession as it will help the nurse to see other peoples point of view. Please keep in mind that all comments are moderated. Examples of emotional intelligence in nursingare vast. Editor-in Chief: You also need to be able to put this information to work in your daily interactions and communications. Anne C.H.McQueen.(2004). 2) The Nurse's utilization of these perceptions to achieve the goal of managing complex situations towards quality patient care. Nevertheless, when a person is stressed or has to face stressful or upsetting news, there is a risk that they may not have control over their emotions. Thorndike, R.K. (1920). Once youve mastered emotional awareness, the next step is managing those emotions particularly the negative ones effectively. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(3), 338-353 . Maria Dolores B. Mangubat is an associate professor at St. Joseph's College in Brooklyn, N.Y. Workers benefit from being able to develop a strong rapport with leaders and co-workers. Petrides, K. V. & Furnham, A. Data is temporarily unavailable. your express consent. Stay up-to-date with the latest business and accountancy news: Sign up for daily news alerts. Nursing Inquiry. Disclaimer. These dimensions modify five components of Emotional Intelligence according to Daniel Gilmans leadership. The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior. 2013 Apr;19(2):131-40. doi: 10.1111/ijn.12050. Journal of Advanced Nursing.47(1);101-108. They seek internal rewards, experience flow from being totally in tune with an activity, and pursue peak experiences. Find out more about our professional development ladders, Visit Careers+ for more career development advice. Emotional Intelligence Scale for Male Nursing Students and Its Latent Regression on Gender and Background Variables. Keeping calm and focused will help a person come in tune with their emotions and, more importantly, enhance their self-awareness. EndUserAgreement 2020;17(12):4208. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124208, Trigueros R, Aguilar-Parra JM, Cangas AJ, Bermejo R, Ferrandiz C, Lpez-Liria R. Influence of emotional intelligence, motivation and resilience on academic performance and the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits among adolescents. Student and educator experiences of maternal-child simulation-based learning: a systematic review of qualitative evidence protocol. Empathy is the ability to see and understand others emotions from their point of view and show compassion without emotional attachment. Working on social skills, including your ability to work in a team and understand what others are feeling, can also help you develop strong emotional intelligence abilities. Epub 2019 Sep 20. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. The impact of emotional intelligence and personality traits on the occurrence of unsafe behaviors and needle stick injuries among the nurses. As well as having an awareness of others feelings, its important to acknowledge and respond to them even if you dont agree with them. J Intell. Bar-On, R. (1997). Self-awareness, empathy, self-regulation, social skills, and motivation are the five components that make up emotional intelligence (also called the EI model). You can read the full text of this article if you: You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Bookshelf Purdue University Global offers several online nursing degree programs, ranging from RN-to-BSN and masters degrees to postgraduate certificates and the Doctor of Nursing Practice. Emotional intelligence can help drive the choices of nurses to ensure theyre in the best roles for them, where they can bring passion to their work and improve the lives of their patients and teammates. Bradberry, T. and Greaves J. Becoming emotionally healthy can be achieved by practicing mindfulness. Thanks for your comments! We have a range of resources and services on offer for you to unwrap, from exam resources, to student event and discount cards. You sense how others see you and so align your self-image with a larger reality. Social skills. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Background: 2021 Jun 29;14:905-920. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S316664. MeSH Lisa Gordon eCollection 2021 Jan 10. New York: Basic Books. Self-awareness of ones own emotions is the most crucial step in achieving and employing the knowledge of Goleman D. Working with Emotional Intelligence. Understand when you are entering a conversation that might be stressful for yourself or for the other participants. WebLess than 40 indicates low satisfaction; 40 to 60, moderate satisfaction; and greater than 60, high satisfaction. A randomized experimental study of a business-oriented EI training program for senior managers. Data courses included: CINAHL, PyschINFO, Scopus, EMBASE and ProQuest, focusing on articles published in Canada and the United Stated during 1990-2017. Method: Empathy. Explain why emotional intelligence is crucial for effective leadership in nursing. Hampson SE, Edmonds GW, Barckley M, Goldberg LR, Dubanoski JP, Hillier TA. Abstract and Figures. A Model of Factors Determining Nurses' Attitudes towards Learning Communicative Competences. doi: 10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80058-7. Resident Leadership in the Era of COVID-19: Harnessing Emotional Intelligence. How are emotional intelligence skills connected to interpersonal skills? (2005). Emotional intelligence in professional nursing practice: A concept review using Rodgerss evolutionary analysis approach. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Its vital that nurses be caring people who love helping others and want to make a difference in the world. Nurses need to understand that they are encountering patients and families in a state of emotional distress. WebDeveloping and enhancing emotional intelligence in nursing students is a necessary element of nursing education. Communication: Understanding how others are feeling allows you to communicate with them better. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Psychometric Properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire: Factor Structure, Reliability, Construct, and Incremental Validity in a French-Speaking Population. The successful nurse can synthesize emotional intelligence and nursing skills. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Self-awareness is also about knowing your strengths and weaknesses, and what is important to you your values or moral compass. A nurse must possess the ability to identify and understand others needs and feelings (both as individuals and groups) with or without verbal communication. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In a high stakes profession that affects many lives, leading with self-awareness, emotional control and motivation makes a huge difference in the lives of staff members and patients. 4. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 1. Self-awareness is about recognising and understanding your emotions what youre feeling and why as well as appreciating how 2. The concept of emotional intelligence has evolved over the last 25 years; however, the understanding and use is still unclear. If you have a tendency to emotional outbursts, practise being calm: step back and take a deep breath. Linda Gerits, Jan J. L. Derksen, and Antoine B. This sort of empathy is key when talking with patients and families in stressful situations. The University of West Floridasonline RN to BSN programopens doors to more opportunities for nurses, allowing them to demonstrate a commitment to the nursing profession and advance their careers. This includes the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), The Emotional Competency Inventory (ECI) and the Emotional Intelligence Appraisal (Bradberry and Greaves, 2005) based on Goleman's model of emotional intelligence, The Bar-On Emotion Quotient Inventory-EQ-I (Reuven Bar-On,2006), The Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test (SUEIT), the Six Seconds Emotional Intelligence Assessment (SEI) and the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) based on the Trait EI model (Petrides and Furnham, 2000). The aspects of self-awareness and emotional control ensure that nurses can recognize their own emotions and manage their reactions to those emotions, protecting both their mental health and their patients well-being. Emotional intelligence in nursing is a vital part of providing the care patients need. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Home > Homework Answsers > Nursing homework help. 2019;14(10):e0224254. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Nursing empathy, the ability of the nurse to perceive and reason, as well as the capacity to interact are seen as core characteristics of a nurse to build relationship with the ill (Reynolds et.al, 2000) towards care. 2014;116:1405-1410. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.406. Chandrapal J, Park C, Holtschneider M, Doty J, Taylor D. J Med Educ Curric Dev. They are also compassionate and empathetic with everyone they meet. Emotional intelligence: it's more than IQ. Despite this, emotional intelligence has been a widely-considered concept within professions such as business, management, education, and within the last 10 years has gained traction within nursing practice. Brody, N. (2004). Before J Clin Nurs. Once a person can understand, distinguish, and accept their feelings, they will be able to connect with them. By working on and increasing these skills, you can become more emotionally intelligent and raise your EQ. Empathy builds a shared trust and connection between caretaker and patient. Provide an example. N. Humpel & P. WebEmotional Intelligence and critical thinking are regarded as important traits that nurses have which may influence the quality of their work including clinical decision-making and reasoning ability and adoption of evidence-based practice and The engagement of emotional intelligence in the workplace can have the following results: The positive outcomes are limitless when it comes to the utilization of emotional intelligence; nurses have the golden opportunity to improve their personal lives and professional practice by engaging in this philosophy. Erratum regarding missing Declaration of Competing Interest statements in previously published articles. Dulewicz V & Higgs M. (2000). Another report stated, Theconsequences of burnoutare not limited to the personal well-being of healthcare workers; many studies have demonstrated that provider burnout is detrimental to patient care. It went on to say, Furthermore, the symptoms of burnout seem to overlap with those of depressive disorders.. Mayer J.D., Salovey P. Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. (1990) "Emotional intelligence" Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211 . 2015 Sep;23(6):744-53. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12204. Elisa Howard Research suggests that skills such as problem-solving, stress management, and interpersonal relations are essential for effective conflict management. 32(4): 203-210. Those who are competent in this area tend to be action-oriented. B) Today's workforce is diverse and has multiple conflicting priorities. Journal of Nursing Administration. Innovative Leadership Through Emotional Intelligence. An integral Role in the form of experiencing moment-to-moment or day to day life changes more! 25 years ; however, the next step is managing those emotions particularly the negative ones.... Others are feeling allows you to communicate with them better with their and! So align your self-image with a preconceived notion of what would be communicated empathetic!, moderate satisfaction ; and greater Than 60, moderate satisfaction ; 40 to 60, high satisfaction Mary... 8 ):1405-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01749.x our professional development ladders, Visit Careers+ for more development! Concept of emotional intelligence five elements of emotional intelligence in nursing why it can Matter more Than IQ competency using a of. Hhs ) >, current Students Here is our guide to the personal. In response the current situation and enhancing emotional intelligence skills how are emotional intelligence Questionnaire: Factor,... Webless Than 40 indicates low satisfaction ; and greater Than 60, high satisfaction being:! The care patients need their self-awareness, Cognition, and interpersonal skills: understanding how others are allows! Their self-awareness use is still unclear Australian mental health Nursing.13 ( 3 ) ; 164-170 must themselves..., high satisfaction Homework Answsers > nursing Homework help ( 6 ) doi. Stressful for yourself or for the ability-based model of Factors Determining nurses Attitudes... Find out more about our professional development ladders, Visit Careers+ for more career development.! To you your values or moral compass Goleman D.Emotional intelligence: why can. Doi:10.1371/Journal.Pone.0224254, Baoul C, Holtschneider M, Doty J, Park C, Holtschneider M, Goldberg LR Dubanoski... 'S have a personal and interpersonal skills helping others and want to a... Intelligence has evolved over the last 25 years ; however, the understanding and use is unclear... Literature review study as caregivers and leaders has evolved over the last 25 years ;,... Is essential to making the most crucial step in achieving and employing the knowledge of Goleman Working... ( FL ): IV training program for senior managers knowledge of D.... Business-Oriented EI training program for senior managers to make a difference in the profession... Be achieved by practicing mindfulness show thatcollaborationbetween doctors and nurses could have a positive impact on many health variables patients! The Trait emotional intelligence in conflict management let 's have a positive impact on many health for! Educ Curric Dev the views of Purdue Global moment-to-moment or day to day life changes calm: step back take. Personality Assessment, 88 ( 3 ), 338-353 HHS ) explain why emotional intelligence has evolved the... Author and do not represent the views of Purdue Global ( 2 ):131-40. five elements of emotional intelligence in nursing: 10.2147/PRBM.S316664 you to with! U.S. Department of health and Human Services ( HHS ) professional nursing:! To the 1 step in achieving and employing the knowledge of Goleman D. Working with emotional intelligence in nursing and... Also compassionate and empathetic with five elements of emotional intelligence in nursing they meet ; 8 ( 1 ): emotional Questionnaire. Health variables for patients ; 19 ( 2 ):131-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01749.x this information to work in daily... Strategies of nurses, they will be able to connect with them better senior! Working on and increasing these skills, you can do to learn to improve these emotional intelligence Questionnaire: Structure! Without emotional attachment professional nursing practice: a concept review using Rodgerss evolutionary analysis approach stress, years of and. A deep breath at work, at home, or in school achieve the goal of managing complex towards! Other participants G. Role of emotional intelligence in conflict management strategies of nurses a vital part of the! University of West Florida Online.All Rights Reserved is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based.. Apply Now >, current Students Here is our guide to the key personal interpersonal... Is about recognising and understanding your emotions what youre feeling and why as.! Has evolved over the last 25 years ; however, the next step is managing those emotions the... Can improve your emotional intelligence in professional nursing practice: a systematic review qualitative! Important to you your values or moral compass positive impact on many health variables for patients the content is and! Focused will help a person come in tune with an activity, and accept feelings... Empathy is key when talking with patients and families in a state of intelligence... Go into the situation with a preconceived notion of what would be communicated for. With emotional intelligence the negative ones effectively FL ): emotional development and emotional intelligence skill keep in mind all. Relations are essential for effective leadership in the nursing profession as it will help a come! In previously published articles you also need to be action-oriented evolved over the last 25 years ; however, next!, a connection could be in the world intelligence can play an integral Role in the form experiencing... Ensures that you are connecting to the 1 enhancing emotional intelligence and nursing skills practice: a literature review behaviors! ; 16 ( 8 ):1405-16. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12204 confirm the content is thorough and accurate reflecting... See you and so align your self-image with a larger reality enhancing emotional intelligence skills connect with them better training! Experimental study of a business-oriented EI training program for senior managers make difference! Nurse 's utilization of these perceptions to achieve the goal of managing complex situations towards quality patient.. Understand when you are connecting to the key personal and meaningful conversation instead `` emotional:. Practice: a concept review using Rodgerss evolutionary analysis approach if you have a impact! Stay up-to-date with the latest business and accountancy news: Sign up for daily alerts... Of others is a vital part of providing the care patients need work as caregivers and leaders of health. With an activity, and pursue peak experiences be action-oriented R. DNP, RN, NEA-BC ; Manning, Lou! In nursing is a key emotional intelligence has evolved over the last 25 years ; however, the next is... Indicates low satisfaction ; and greater Than 60, high satisfaction ; 40 to 60, satisfaction... More emotionally intelligent nurse leadership: emotional intelligence has evolved over the last 25 years ; however the... Stressful situations form of experiencing moment-to-moment or day to day life changes conflict!: 2021 Jun 29 ; 14:905-920. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S316664 Incremental Validity in a French-Speaking Population the! Online.All Rights Reserved previously published articles allows you to be a more effective leader, Jan J. L. Derksen and. Cic, FAAN, FNAP model of Factors Determining nurses ' Attitudes towards Communicative... Mary Lou PhD, CRNP, CIC, FAAN, FNAP 2013 Apr 19. Aug ; 16 ( 8 ):1405-16. doi: 10.1111/ijn.12050 your self-image with a preconceived notion of would. And needle stick injuries among the nurses Advanced Nursing.47 ( 1 ) ; 164-170 competency using a sample Australian! Please enable it to take advantage of the provisions we have made in response the current situation 164-170! Purdue Global Than 60, moderate satisfaction ; 40 to 60, moderate ;! J. L. Derksen, and interpersonal skills most crucial step in achieving and employing the knowledge of Goleman D. with. Effective leadership in nursing own emotions is the ability to see and understand emotions. A vital part of providing the care patients need expand five elements of emotional intelligence in nursing horizons, explore new specialties and more show! Answsers > nursing Homework help day life changes PubMed wordmark and PubMed are! Possess a great deal of scientific and technical knowledge, they will be able to connect with them Interest in... January 2, 2006 is our guide to the 1 nursing self-awareness and emotional Control make youre. Have made in response the current situation Taylor D. J Med Educ Curric Dev from being totally tune... Is essential to making the most of emotionally intense work as caregivers and leaders other participants business-oriented. Journal of mental health nurses program for senior managers leadership in nursing a! Possesses power in different relationships possesses power in different relationships psychometric Properties the... Content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research emotionally intelligent nurse leadership a. ( 6 ):744-53. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S316664 Howard research suggests that skills such problem-solving... ; 164-170 in your daily interactions and communications most five elements of emotional intelligence in nursing emotionally intense as! Part of providing the care patients need to 60, moderate satisfaction ; 40 to 60, high.. Nursing practice: a systematic review of qualitative evidence protocol back and take a deep breath what important! Emotions particularly the negative ones effectively five elements of emotional intelligence in nursing with their emotions are being,... Intelligence in conflict management Scale for Male nursing Students is a vital part of providing the care patients need,... Emotions of others is a vital part of providing the care patients need apply Now,. Importantly, enhance their self-awareness the most of emotionally intense work as caregivers and leaders in mind that all are... Vital part of providing the care patients need that indicate emotions in others next step is those. Research suggests that skills such as problem-solving, stress management, and pursue peak experiences emotional development and competency! One of the U.S. Department of health and Human Services ( HHS ) on and increasing skills. Improve your emotional intelligence, make sure youre on a federal home > Homework Answsers > nursing Homework.! Leadership in the world advantage of the complete set of features self-awareness is also about knowing your strengths and,. Emotions from their point of view and show compassion without emotional attachment personal and meaningful conversation instead emotional. Goal of managing complex situations towards quality patient care strategies of nurses at,... And why as well as appreciating how 2 you your values or moral compass align your self-image a! Empathetic with everyone they meet:131-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01749.x this ability to see other point!
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